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cliffcrag 发表于 2007-6-26 08:56:32

NASA:Reliability Management

RELIABILITYMANAGEMENT----NASALewisResearchCenter

本篇文章是美国国家航空和宇航行局的关于可靠性管理文章，高度概括了一下可靠性管理的工作内容，目标。

RELIABILITYMANAGEMENT
•Thedirectionandcontrolofthereliabilityactivitiesoftheorganizationincludingstaffing,providingfacilities(computers,softwareetc.),establishingreliabilitygoalsandpolicies,andthefacilitatingoftheinteractionofreliabilitypersonnelwiththeremainderofthe
organization.(Thisistheinstructorssuggesteddefinition--howcanitbeimproved?)

WhyBeneficial?
•Likequalitycontrol,theestablishmentofJIT,ISO9000certificationandtruestatisticalprocesscontrolintheorganization,reliabilitymusthaveunequivocaltop-downsupport.
•Withoutthis,thereliabilityfunction,willonly“begoingthroughthemotions.”
•Witheffectivesupportfuturebottomlinecostsandtotalcostofownershipcanbedrasticallyreduced.

Theresultantcostbenefitstothecompany,thoughdifficulttocapturewithtraditionalaccountingmethods,willincreaseproductivityupto40%ormore.


OBJECTIVES
Beabletoanswer(orperform):
•Whattypesofreliabilitymanagementstructuresarethere?
•Whataretheobjectivesofreliabilitymanagement?
•Whatarethekeyreliabilitydisciplines?
•Howdoesthereliabilitydisciplineinteractwiththerestoftheorganization?
•Describewhatactivitiesyouwouldsetupforareliabilityprogramtosupportaproject.Whatmetrics

wouldyouuse?
•Howdoreliabilityactivitiesbenefittheproject?
•Whatishumanengineeringandhowdoesthehumanelementaffectreliability?


Outline:Reliability
•TypesofReliabilityOrganizations.
•ReliabilityandSystemsEngineering.
•EstablishingaReliabilityProgram.
•ExamplesofReliabilityObjectives.
•MetricsforReliability.
•HumanReliability

ReliabilityOrganization:Staffing
•Needstafffamiliarwiththedesign,manufactureandtestingmethodologyoftheproductandfamiliar

withstatisticaltechniques.
•Useseniorstafffromengineeringorganizationswhoareintimatelyfamiliarwithproductandthe

historyoffailures/problemsencounteredwiththedesign,testandmanufactureoftheproduct.
•Useengineerswithformalreliabilityengineeringdisciplineasacomplementtotheabove.
•Alltheseengineersmustbecapableofhavingacloseworkingrelationshipwithdesignandtestandbe

capableofinteractingwiththeminawin-winatmosphere.
•Partofnormalengineeringtrainingrotation.



ReliabilityGoals
•Increasesystemeffectivenessto:________
•Increasesystemavailabilityto:________
•IncreaseMTBFto:________
•Reducewarrantycostsby:________
•Reducemaintenancecostsby:________
•Increasesystemefficiencyby:________
•Increasesystemtestingby:________

DESIGNFORRELIABILITY

ASSURANCE:RELIABILITYENGINEERING
PHASEAPHASEBPHASECPHASEDPHASEE
RELIABILITYMANAGEMENT-----------------------------------------
MONITOR/CONTROLSUBCTR.
PROGRAMREVIEWS------------------------------------------------
PROBLEMREPORT&COR.,LL
FAILUREREVIEWBOARDS
RELIABILITYMODELING--------------------------
RELIABILITYALLOCATION----------------------
RELIABILITYPREDICTION-----------------------
FAILUREMODE&EFFECTANALYSIS--------
CRITICALITEMSLIST----------------------
FAULTTREEANALYSIS-------------------
SNEAKCIRCUITANALYSIS--------------
ELECTRONICTOLERANCE
MECH.PARTSANALYSIS
PARTSPROGRAM,UsingFailureRateData
EFFECTSTEST,STORAGE,HANDLING,etc.
TESTING:ENVIRONMENTALSTRESSSCRN.
RELB.GROWTHTESTS
RELB./QUAL.TESTPROGRAM
RELIABILITYGROWTHTESTING-----
PRAT
SOFTWARERELIABILITY&QUALITYASSURANCE

EstablishingaDesignforReliabilityProgram
•Determinethereliabilitygoalstobemet.
•Constructasymbolicrepresentation.
•Determinethelogisticssupportandrepairphilosophy.
•Selectthereliabilityanalysisprocedure.
•Selectthedatasourcesforfailureratesandrepairrates.
•Determinethefailureratesandrepairrates.
•Performthenecessarycalculations.
•Validateandverifythereliabilityresults.
•Measureactualreliability.


ExamplesofReliability
ObjectivesfortheTelecommunicationsIndustry
•Goalsshouldbeplacedinproperperspective.
•Largetelecommunicationsnetworks:
–Atleastonepieceofequipmentmaybe
downatalltimes.
–Theusermaynotknowthis.
–Operatorsconsiderthatasystemisdownonlywhenreportedtothem.
–Short,self-clearingoutagesmaygounreported.
•Reliabilityobjectivescanbedefineddifferentlyforvarioussystems.


ExamplesofReliabilityObjectivesfortheTelecommunicationsIndustry
ModuleorSystemObjective
TelephoneinstrumentMeantimebetweenfailures
ElectronickeysystemCompletelossofservice
Majorlossofservice
Minorlossofservice
PABXCompletelossofservice
Majorlossofservice
Minorlossofservice
Mishandledcalls
TrafficServicePositionSys.(TSPS)MishandledcallsSystemoutage
Class5officeSystemoutage
Class4officeLossofservice
Class3officeServicedegradation

CustomerSpecificationsTargets
•Thesatisfiedcustomersetstheperformanceand
availabilityrequirements.
•Telecommunicationsnetworksshouldperformunder
stress:
–Cablecuts.
–Lengthytrafficoverloads.
–Equipmentbreakdown.
•Coppercableandfiberopticstudieshaveshown:
–56%ofthecablepairsarecut.
–100%ofthefiberopticarecut.
•Cross-connectsandallocatablecapacityareusedtodynamicallyreconfigurethenetwork.

ReliabilityGrowthFromaCustomer’sPerspective
•GrowthMeasurementmustencompasstheentirelifecycleoftheproduct.
•Corporationswithawidescopeofproductand/orproductlinesshouldnotpresentoverallreliability
growthcurvesonanorganizationalbasis.Individualproductlinereliabilitygrowthpicturesshouldbe
presentedtoachievetotalcustomersatisfaction.

Becausethecustomer’sexperiencecanvarywiththematurityofasystem,reliabilitygrowthisanimportantconcepttothecustomerandshouldbeconsideredinthecustomer’spurchasingdecision.
•Thekeyistodefinethegoalsfortheproductorservicefromthecustomer’sperspectivewhile

reflectingontheactualsituationinwhichthecustomerobtainstheproductorservice.


ReliabilityMetrics
•Reliabilitygrowth
•Systemuptimeandavailability
•Reductionintotallifecyclecost.
•Failurereportsprocessed.
•Numberoflessonslearnedgenerated/published.
•Increasedincalculatedsystemreliability(increasedMTBF)throughrecommendations.
•Numberoffailuremodesidentifiedandeliminated(basedonpotentialforoccurrenceandseriousness
offailure).
•Others:Yoursuggestions!!!

ReliabilityGrowth:Howmuchhasthesystemimproved.

ReductioninLifeCycleCosts(BasedonImprovedReliability)

FailureReportsClosedandLessonsLearnedGenerated

GenerationandEliminationsofFailureModes,CRIT1,2,&3

SystemReliabilityeveryMonth

HumanReliability
•Humanreliabilitycanbedefinedas“theprobabilityofaccomplishingajobortasksuccessfullybyhumansatanyrequiredstageinsystemoperationswithinaspecifiedminimumtimelimit.”
•Itisthebridgebetweentheuserandtheproducer.
•Focusindesignincludeshardware,software,andhumanreliability.

HumanReliabilityDesignGoals:
•Designforimmunitytohumanerror
•Designforeasyhumaninterface.
•Designtobeuserfriendly.
•Proveoutmanualsandprocedures.
•Minimizethelikelihoodofhumanerror;especiallyerrorsthatleadtounsafeconditions.
•Developdesignchecklists.
•Reviewforcompletenessandclarity.

HumanError:WrongConnections
InElectricalHookup
•Problem:wrongconnectorsmatedafterrepairandunitsmiswired.
•Solution:Differentsizeconnectorsandcommoncolorwirethroughoutacablerun;alsounsymmetricalconnectors.HumanError:ScaldingfromWaterFaucets/Showers.
•Problem:Confusingknobs,colorsandon/offrotationaldirections.
•Solution:standardization:Hotonleft,Hotcoloredred,coldcoloredblue;clockwisetoclose(righthandscrew);thermaltemperaturelimiterinwaterdeliverysystem.Differentsizelabelsandattachmentpoints.

EasyHumanInterface
•Switcheslocatedongraphicalmodelofsystem.
•Switchesmountedinorderofuse,lefttoright.
•Graphicalpresentationsonscreensaswellastext.
•Singlepointdisconnectsforemergencysystems.
•Standardcolorsforconditions:red/yellow/green.
•Vocalwarningsofimproperconditions.
•Testsystemandlayoutforstereotypebehavior.
•Standardizelayouts.
•Mostfrequentlyusedcontrolsinfavorablepositions.


UserFriendly
•Eleganceofdesign.
•Hierarchyofoptions.Alloweasytouseseriesofoperationsandextendedoperationsseparatedfromthose.
•Proveoutdesignwithuntrainedpersonnel.
•Don’tskimponhumaninterface(e.g.qualityofmaterials,colors,seating,knobs,keyboards,screenquality,etc.
•Providerealtimetraining.
•Allowdefaultstohavenominaloperationofsystem.

TypesofHumanErrors
•Errorsofvision
•Errorsofinsufficientknowledge.
•Equipmentnotcalibratedproperly.
•Difficulttoinspect.
•Designforemergencysituations.
•Designfortypicalbehavior.

ProveOutManualsandProcedures
•UseFMEAandFaultTreestogenerateblockdiagramsofdiagnostics.
•Writemanualstohelpoperatorsandmaintenancepersonnel.Donotwritemanualstowritemanuals.
•Takeuninvolvedpersonnel,givethemamanual,LEAVE,andallowthemtotrytouseit.THENMAKE
REVISIONSandgiveittonewuninvolvedpersonnel.
•Giveclearwarnings,cautionsandsuggestions.
•Writewithlevelsofdetail.
•Beconciseandprecise.
•Revisethemanualwhenthesystemisrevised.
•Usechecklistsunlesstheoperatorscannameall50statesfrommemory.

ReliabilityManagement-Conclusions
•Determinethereliabilitygoalstobemet.
•Spelltheprogramrequirementsoutindetailaswellashowtheresultswillbeimplemented.
•Doreliabilityanalysesindraftformthatneverhavetobepublished(e.g.alertengineerstodangerousconditionsandhelpthemeliminatethembeforetheygetintothesystem).
•Validateandverifythereliabilityresults.
•Measureactualreliability.
•Humanreliabilityisakeyfactortoconsidertohaveasuccessful,reliableandsafeproduct.
•Reliabilityanalysisshouldcontinuethroughouttheproductlife-cycle.

robert928 发表于 2007-6-26 16:05:22

呵呵辛苦了！学习下！

tianny99 发表于 2007-9-17 10:05:26

appreciateitfirst,studyitlater!

sjp5152 发表于 2007-9-17 11:38:06

怎么样可以提高英语水平呀，烦:Q:'(

chjhwfj 发表于 2009-12-13 23:44:40

学习一下

EMS 发表于 2009-12-15 03:48:55

看不懂英语，还是要顶金总的贴

平凡008 发表于 2009-12-23 11:55:32

好资料，不错不错，谢谢了

GUCCI 发表于 2011-9-4 21:23:15

admin有没有NASA的一篇关于RAMS的文件，？有的话帮忙发邮箱一下。谢谢

aaajack 发表于 2011-9-7 10:49:17

谢谢分享

枫之凌陌 发表于 2011-11-24 19:11:50

谢谢分享正是需要的东西~~

查看完整版本: NASA:Reliability Management