软件工程缩略语

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ThisglossaryisintendedforthosevisitorstotheRSP&Aweb-sitewhomaybeunfamiliarwithbasicsoftwareengineeringterminology.Alldefinitionsareinformal.

Abstraction-(1)theleveloftechnicaldetailofsomerepresentationofsoftware;(2)acohesivemodelofdataoranalgorithmicprocedure

Action(alsocalledSoftwareengineeringaction)-anamedcollectionofsoftwareengineeringtasks(e.g.,"interfacedesign")thatoccurswithinasoftwareengineeringactivity

Activity(alsocalledSoftwareengineeringactivity)-seeFrameworkactivity

Adaptivemaintenance-activityassociatewithchanginganapplicationtomakeitconformtochangesinitsexternalenvironment

Aestheticdesign-aWebengineeringactionthatfocusesontheaesthetics(e.g.,theartisticelements)ofaWebApp(oftenencompassesgraphicdesign)

Agiledevelopment(alsoreferredtoasagileprocessmodel)-anadaptedversionofsoftwareengineeringthatemphasizescustomercommunication,incrementalsoftwaredelivery,informalmethodsandworkproducts,andhighlymotivatedteams.

Analysis-asetofactivitiesthatattempttounderstandandmodelcustomerneedsandconstraints

Analysismethods-anotationandheuristicsforcreatingmodelsofcustomerneedsandconstraints

Architecturaldesign-anactivitythatattemptstolayoutthemodule"floorplan"forthesoftware

Architecture-theoverallstructureofsoftwarecomponents,thedataand/orcontentthatcomponentsmanipulate,andtherelationshipsbetweenthem

Aspect-orienteddevelopment-adevelopmentapproachthatemphasizes"concerns"(alsocalled"aspectualrequirements"thatincorporatefeatures,functionsandinformationcontent)thatcutacrossmultiplesystemfunctions

Automatedestimationtools-toolsthathelpinestimatingprojectcostoreffort

Automaticcodegeneration-toolsthatgeneratesourcecodefromarepresentationofsoftwarethatisnotsourcecode

Baseline-apointatwhichsomedeliverableproducedduringthesoftwareengineeringprocessisputunderformalchangecontrol

Basispathtesting-awhiteboxtestcasedesigntechniquethatusedthealgorithmicflowoftheprogramtodesigntests

Basisset-thesetoftestsderivedusingbasispathtesting

Behavioralmodeling-representingthemodeofbehavior(calledstates)ofanapplicationandtheeventsthatcausetransitionsfromstatetostate

Betatesting-testingthatisconductedbytheuser

Blackboxtesting-testingthatdoesnotfocusontheinternaldetailsoftheprogrambutusesexternalrequirements

Boundaryvalueanalysis-ablackboxtestingmethodthatdesignstestcasesthatexercisedataboundaries

Bounding-removingambiguityfromspecification

Builds-seeClusters

Businessrisks-thesetofpotentialbusinessproblemsoroccurrencesthatmaycausetheprojecttofail

CASE-Computer-aidedsoftwareengineering,seealso,Tools

Cause-effectgraphing-ablack-boxtestingmethod

Changecontrol-anumbrellaprocessthatenablesaprojectteamtoaccept,evaluate,andactonchangesinasystematicmanner

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Changecontrolauthority(CCA)-theperson(s)whohaveresponsibilityfordecidingwhetherachangeistobemade

Changemanagement-asetofsoftwareengineeringactionsthathelpsensurethatchangesareproperlyidentified,controlled,andreported

Changereport-providesdetailonthenatureofworkrequiredtomakeachange

Changerequest-providesdetailonthetypeofchangethatisrequested

Chiefprogrammerteam-onewayoforganizingprojectstaff

Classes-abasicconstructinobject-orientedmethodsthatcategorizeselementsoftheproblem

Classiclifecycle-alinear,sequentialapproachtoprocessmodeling

Clusters-acollectionofprogramcomponents(modules)thatistestedasagroup

Coding-thegenerationofsourcecode


Cohesion-aninformalmeasureofthedegreetowhichasoftwarecomponentimplementsasingle,focusedfunction

Complexity-aquantitativemeasureofaprogram'scomplexity

Component(alsocalledSoftwarecomponent)-anamed,modularbuildingblockforcomputersoftware

Componentreuse-theabilitytoreuseaportionofamodel,sourcecode,testcase,etc.

Configuration-thecollectionofprograms,documentsanddatathatmustbecontrolledwhenchangesaretobemade

Configurationaudit-anactivityperformedbyanSQAgroupwiththeintentofensuringthatthechangecontrolprocessisworking

Configurationcontrol-thecontrolofchangestoprograms,documentsordata

Configurationitems-theindividualpiecesofprograms,documentsanddatathatarecontrolledusingSCM

Configurationstatusreporting(CSR)-anactivitythathelpsoftwaredevelopertounderstandwhatchangeshavebeenmadeandwhy

Constraints-anrestrictionsorlimitationsplacedonrequirementsordesign

Correctivemaintenance-findingandfixingdefectsthathavebeenreportedbyusers

Coupling-aninformalmeasureofthedegreetowhichasoftwarecomponentisconnectedtoothercomponents,todata,andtotheexternalenvironment

CRC(class-responsibility-collaborator)modeling-anobject-orientedmodelingmethodthatidentifiesandorganizesclassesarearerelevanttoasystem

Customer-thepersonorgroupthathasrequestedthesoftwareandwillbepayingthebillforitsdevelopment

Cyclomaticcomplexity-ameasureofthelogicalcomplexityofanalgorithm,usedinwhite-boxtesting

Datadesign-anactivitythattranslatesthedatamodeldevelopedduringanalysisintoimplementabledatastructures

Datadictionary-adatabasethatcontainsdefinitionsofalldataitemsdefinedduringanalysis;seealso,Requirementsdictionary

Dataflowdiagram(DFD)-amodelingnotationthatrepresentsafunctionaldecompositionofasystem

Datamodeling-ananalysismethodthatmodelsdataobjectsandtheirrelationships

Dataobjects-aninputoroutputthatisuservisible

Datawarehouse-alarge,independentdatabasethathasaccesstodatabasesthatservemanydifferentapplicationsthatarerequiredbyabusiness

Debugging-theactivityassociatedwithfindingandcorrectinganerrorordefect-alackofconformancetorequirementsfoundinthesoftwareafterdeliverytothecustomer

Defectamplification-whenadefectisintroducedearlyinthesoftwareprocessandremainsundetected,itoftenisamplifiedintomultipledefectslaterinthesoftwareprocess

Defectremovalefficiency(DRE)-anondimensionratio(between0and1)thatprovidesanindicationofthedegreetowhicherrorsareremovedfromsoftwarebeforeitisreleasedtoend-users

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Design-anactivitythattranslatestherequirementsmodelintoamoredetailedmodelthatistheguidetoimplementationofthesoftware

Designspecification-adocumentthatdescribesthedesign

Designwalkthrough-aformaltechnicalreviewofthedesign

Detaildesign-adesignactivitythatfocusesonthecreationofanalgorithm

Documentation-descriptiveinformation

Documents-deliverablesproducedaspartofthesoftwareengineeringprocess

Domainanalysis-anobject-orientedsoftwareengineeringactivitythatattemptstoidentifyclassesthatarerelevanttoanentireapplicationdomain,ratherthanaspecificapplication

Effort-thework-timeproduct(e.g.,person-days)associatedwithaproject

Engineeringchangeorder(ECO)-amini-specificationthatdescribesthetechnicalaspectsofachange

Enhancement-anextensionoffunctionalorperformancerequirements

Equivalencepartitioning-ablack-boxtestingmethod

Errors-alackofconformancefoundbeforesoftwareisdeliveredtothecustomer

Estimation-aprojectplanningactivitythatattemptstoprojecteffortandcostforasoftwareproject

Extremeprogramming-anagileprocessmodelthatemphasizesscenario-basedplanning,incrementaldelivery,refactoring,pairprogrammingandcontinuoustesting.

Factoring-atechniquethatdistributescontrolandworkinatop-downmannerwithinasoftwarearchitecture(usedapartofstructuredanalysis)

FAST-Facilitatedapplicationspecificationtechniques,astructuredmeetingbetweendeveloperandcustomer;intentistodefinebasicrequirements

Formalmethods-asoftwareengineeringapproachinwhichspecificationanddesignaredescribedusingmathematically-basedformalnotation

Formaltechnicalreviews-astructuredmeetingconductedbysoftwareengineeringwiththeintentofuncoveringerrorsinsomedeliverableorworkproduct

Formulation-aWebengineeringactionthatidentifiesbusinessneed,describesWebAppobjectives,definesmajorfeaturesandfunctions,andestablishesmechanismsforrequirementsgathering

Functionpoints-ameasureoftheutilitydeliveredbyanapplication

Functionaldecomposition-atechniqueusedduringplanning,analysisanddesign;createsafunctionalhierarchyforthesoftware

Go,no-godecision-apointatwhichmanagerorthecustomerdecideswhethertheprojectshouldproceed

GQM(Goal,Question,Metric)paradigm-atechniquefordefiningmeaningfulmetricsforanypartofthesoftwareprocess

Grammaticalparse-atechniquethatisusedduringanalysisandintendedtohelpisolatebasicdataobjectsandfunctions

High-ordertests-black-boxtestsconductedoncethesoftwarehasbeenintegrated

Independenttestgroup(ITG)-agroupofpeoplewhoseprimaryresponsibilityissoftwaretesting

Interfacedesign-asoftwareengineeringactionthatestablishesthestructureandworkflowforauserinterface;followsthree"goldenrules:"placetheuserincontrol,reducetheuser'smemoryleoad,maketheinterfaceconsistent.

Integrationtesting-atestingstepthatconstructsthesoftwarewhiletestingit

Integration-thespecificapproachtointegrationtesting

Interoperability-thedegreetowhichoneapplicationcommunicatesorinterfaceswithanother

ISO9001:2000-aqualityassurancestandardthatappliestosoftwareengineering

Jointapplicationdevelopment(JAD)-aspecificFASTtechnique

Levelsofabstraction-thedegreeofdetailwithwhichsomerepresentationofthesoftwareispresented

Line-of-codemetrics-measuresofqualityorproductivitythatarenormalizedusinglinesofcodeproduced

Loadtesting-atestingtaskthatdetermineshowsoftware(oftenaWebApp)willrespondtovariousloadingconditions

LOC-linesofcode

Looptesting-awhiteboxtestingtechniquethatexercisesprogramloops

Maintainability-thedegreetowhichaprogramisamenabletochange

Maintenance-theactivitiesassociatedwithchangestosoftwareafterithasbeendeliveredtoend-users

Make-buydecision-determiningwhethersoftwareshouldbebuiltinternally,acquired,contractedorbuiltfromreusablecomponents

Measurement-collectingquantitativedataaboutthesoftwareorthesoftwareengineeringprocess

Metrics-aspecificmeasurement

Milestones-apointintimethatisusedtoindicateprogressduringaproject

Modulardesign-adesignapproachthatstressesmodularity

Modularity-anattributeofadesignthatleadstothecreationofhighqualityprogramcomponents

Navigationanalysis-aWebengineeringactionthatestablisheshowauserwillnavigatebetweenvariouselements(e.g.,content,functions)ofaWebApp

Object-oriented-anapproachtosoftwaredevelopmentthatmakesuseofaclassificationapproachandpackagesdataandprocessingtogether

Object-orientedanalysis(OOA)-atechniquefordefinedclassesofobjects,theirrelationshipsandbasicstructure

Object-orienteddesign(OOD)-atechniquefortranslatingtheOOAmodelintoanimplementationmodel

Objects-anamedelementoftheproblemdomaincontainingdataandprocessing

OCL(ObjectConstraintLanguage)-asupplementtoUML,thisformallanguageallowsasoftwareengineertoconstructunambiguousstatementsaboutthecharacteristicsofvariousdesignmodelelements

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Outsourcing-contractingsoftwareworktoathirdparty

Pairprogramming-twopeopleworktogether(side-by-side)todesignandconstructasoftwarecomponent,providingreal-timeproblemsolvingandqualitycontrol.

Paperprototype-apaperrepresentationofanapplication(e.g.,storyboardsthatdescribetheinteractionatahumaninterface)

Paradigms-theprocessmodel

Patterns-astylizeddescriptionorcharacterizationofasoftwareproblemorcapabilityand/orthemannerinwhichasolutiontotheproblemorcapabilitymaybecharacterized,applied,andimplemented

PDL-programdesignlanguage;acombinationofnaturallanguagewithprogramminglanguage-likeconstructs

Perfectivemaintenance-enhancement,

Portability-theabilitytotransportsoftwarefromonetargetenvironmenttoanother

Preliminarydesign-createsrepresentationofthedataandarchitecture

Proceduraldesign-createsrepresentationsofalgorithmicdetailwithinamodule

Processframework-arelativelysmallsetoffundamentalsoftwareengineeringactivitiesthatdefineasoftwareprocess

Processingnarrative-anaturallanguagedescriptionofamodel(programcomponent)

Productivity-workoutputperunittime

Programdesignlanguage,seePDL

Projectdatabase-theplacewhereconfigurationitemsarekept

ProjectPlan-adescriptionofthemanagementapproachforaproject

Projectplanning-theactivitythatcreatestheProjectPlan

Projectrisks-thesetofpotentialprojectproblemsoroccurrencesthatmaycausetheprojecttofail

Projectscope-astatementofbasicrequirementsofthesoftwaretobebuilt

Projectsize-anindicationoftheoverallefforttobeexpendedorthenumberofpeopleworkingontheproject

Projecttracking-theactivitythatenablesamanagertounderstandthestatusofaproject

Projectcontrol-thecontrolofqualityandchange

Prototyping-thecreationofamock-upofanapplication

Quality-thedegreetowhichaproductconformstobothexplicitandimplicitrequirements

Qualityfunctiondeployment(QFD)-atechniquethattranslatestheneedsofacustomerintechnicalrequirementsforsoftwarebyassessingthevalueofeachrequirement

Qualitymanagement-asetofsoftwareengineeringactionsthathelpsensurethatsoftwareisbuiltinawaythatachieveshighquality

Qualitymetrics-measuresofquality

Re-engineering-aseriesofactivitiesthattransformlegacysystems(withpoormaintainability)intosoftwarethatexhibitshighquality

Refactoring-changingsoftwareinawaythatimprovesitsinternalstructurebutdoesnotchangeitexternalbehavior;oftenconductediterativelyasdesignevolvesintocode.

Regressiontesting-teststhatareconductedrepeatedtoensurethatachangehasnotintroducedsideeffects

Reliability-ameasureofthedegreetowhichsoftwareoperatesreliablyoversomeperiodoftime

Repository-seeProjectDatabase

Requirementsanalysis-amodelingactivitywhoseobjectiveistounderstandwhatthecustomerreallywants

Requirementsengineering-theactivitiesrequiredtoelicit,elaborate,negotiate,specify,andvalidatesystemorsoftwarerequirements

Resources-anythingthatisrequiredtogettheprojectdone,people,hardware,materials,information,etc.

Reusability-theabilitytoreuseanalready-existingprogramcomponentinanotherapplication

Reusablecomponents-configurationitemsthatarereusable

Reverseengineering-tryingtodevelopdesignmodelsoranunderstandingofdesignusingprogramcodeasastartingpoint

Reviews-seeformaltechnicalreviews

Risk-apotentialproblemoroccurrencethatputaprojectinjeopardy

Riskanalysis-atechniquesforidentifyingandevaluatingrisks

RiskManagementandMonitoringPlan(RMMP)-aplanformitigating,monitoringandmanagingrisks

Scheduling-theactivitythatlaysoutatimelineforworktobeconductedonaproject

Scope-aboundedstatementofwhatmustbeaccomplished

Security-theabilityofsoftwaretooperateinamannerthatissecurefrominternalorexternalattack

Securitytesting-testingtasksthatprobethevulnerabilityofbothclient-sideandserver-sidesoftware

Selectivetesting-testingonlyaselectedsetofprogrampathsanddatainputs

Sideeffects-errorsthatoccurbecauseofchanges

Sixsigma-awidelyusedstrategyforstatisticalqualityassurance

Smoketesting-anintegrationtestingapproachthatconstructsandtestssoftwareonadailybasis

Software-programs,documentsanddata

Softwareengineering-adisciplinethatencompassestheprocessassociatedwithsoftwaredevelopment,themethodsusedtoanalyze,designandtestcomputersoftware,themanagementtechniquesassociatedwiththecontrolandmonitoringofsoftwareprojectsandthetoolsusedtosupportprocess,methods,andtechniques

Softwaremaintenance-seealso,Maintenance,

Softwaremetrics-quantitativemeasuresoftheprocessortheproduct

Softwareproblemreport-areportofadefect

Softwarequality-seequality

Softwareprocessimprovement(SPI)-asetofsoftwareengineeringactivitiesthatattempttoimprovethestateofsoftwareengineeringpracticewithinanorganization

Softwarequalityassurance(SQA)-aseriesofactivitiesthatassistanorganizationinproducinghighqualitysoftware

SoftwareRequirementsSpecification-adeliverablethatdescribesalldata,functionalandbehavioralrequirements,allconstraints,andallvalidationrequirementsforsoftware

Softwaresafety-anSQAactivitythatfocusesontheidentificationandassessmentofpotentialhazardthatmayhaveanegativeimpactontheoperationofsoftware

Softwaretesting-asetofactivitiesconductedwiththeintentoffindingerrorsinsoftware

Spiralmodel-anevolutionarysoftwareengineeringparadigm

Stakeholders-anypersonofgroupthathasastakeinthesuccessfulcompletionofasoftwareproject

Statetransitiondiagram(STD)-anotationforbehavioralmodeling

Statisticalqualityassurance-techniquesforprocessimprovementthatarebasedonmeasurementsoftheproductandtheprocess

Stepwiserefinement-atechniqueforaccomplishingfunctionaldecompositionorproceduraldesign(alsocalledpartitioning)

Stresstesting-atestingtaskthatdetermineshowsoftwarerespondswhenitisforcedtomeetorexceedoperationallimits

Structuredprogramming-adesignmethodthatlimiteddesignconstructstoonlythreebasicformsandconstrainsprogramflowforbetterquality

Systemengineering-focusesontheanalysisanddesignofallelementsofacompleteproduct,service,ortechnologyforthetransformationofinformationorcontrol

Taskanalysis-asoftwareengineeringactionthatisconductedaspartofuserinterfacedesign;intendedtobetterunderstandhowauseristointeractwithasystem

Taskset-acollectionfosoftwareengineeringtasksthatarerequiredtocompleteanactivityoractionthatispartofasoftwareprocessframework

Technicalrisks-thesetofpotentialtechnicalproblemsoroccurrencesthatmaycausetheprojecttofail

Testcasedesign-asetoftechniquesforderivingeffectivetestcases

Testcases,derivationof-thecreationofdatathatcanbeusedtouncovererrorsinthesoftware

Testplanandprocedure-adescriptionoftestingstrategyandtactics

Testing-asetofactivitiesthatattempttofinderrors

Time-boxing-aprojectschedulingandcontroltechniquethatestablishestimeboundariesforthecompletionofaspecificprojecttask

Tools-applicationsoftwareusedtoperformsoftwareengineeringtasks(e.g.,designtools,testingtools);seealsoCASEtools

Totalqualitymanagement-acompanycommitmenttodevelopaprocessthatachieveshighqualityproductandcustomersatisfaction

UML(UnifiedModelingLanguage)-acomprehensivediagrammaticnotationfortheanalysisanddesignofsoftware

Unifiedprocess-a"use-casedriven,architecture-centric,iterativeandincremental"softwareprocessthatemphasizestheuseofUMLnotation

Unittesting-partofthetestingstrategythatfocusesonteststoindividualprogramcomponents

Usability-Aninformalmeasureoftheeasewithwhichauserinterfacecanbelearnedandappliedwithefficiencyandwithouterrors

Use-case-awrittendescriptionthatdefinesaveryspecificinteractionbetweenauserandasystem,often(butnotalways)writtenintheformofausagescenario

User-thepersonwhoactuallyusedtosoftwareortheproductthathassoftwareembeddedwithinit

Userhierarchy-ahierarchicalrepresentationofthecategoriesofusersthatwillinteractwithanytypeofsoftware

User-story-ausagescenariothatisusedaspartofExtremeprogramming

Validation-teststoensurethatthesoftwareconformstoitsrequirements

WebApps(WebApplications)-anyapplicationthatdeliversmeaningfulcontentorfunctionalitytoendusersviatheWeb.

Webengineering-theapplicationofsoftwareengineeringprinciples,concepts,andmethods(oradaptationsofthem)tothedevelopmentofWeb-basedapplicationsorsystems.

Whiteboxtesting-atestcasedesigntechniquethatmakesuseofaknowledgeoftheinternalprogramlogic

Workbreakdownstructure(WBS)-thesetofworktasksrequiredtobuildthesoftware;definedaspartoftheprocessmodel

Workflow-thesequenceoftasksthatarerequiredtoaccomplishsomeactivityoraction;often(butnotalways)usedinconjunctionwithsoftwareprocessmodels

Workproduct-anycohesiveandpersistentinformationthatisproducedasaconsequenceofoneormoresoftwareengineeringactionsoftasks

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