可靠性试验的分类

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　<BR>
<style>.Xis741{display:none;}</style>
<div>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;电子元器件常用的可靠性试验的分类方法很多。按试验目的来分，可分为可靠性鉴定试验、寿命试验、筛选试验、耐久性试验、可靠性增长试验。按试验地点来分，可分为现场试验和模拟试验(实验室试验)。按试验项目来分，则可分为环境试验、现场使用试验、特殊检测和寿命试验等。也有按所施加应力情况来区分的各种可靠性实验。可靠性试验的分类可参见表8.2。</div>
<divalign="center"><strong>表</strong><strong>8.2&nbsp;</strong><strong>可靠性试验分类</strong></div>
<divalign="center">_{<imgheight="223"width="316"alt=""src="http://www.kekaoxing.com/dede/upimg/allimg/061214/1121280.gif"/>}</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>虽然可靠性试验门类很多，不同试验都能采集到不同的数据，但它们都反映了在不同阶段、不同考核对象的可靠性水平，是否达到了预定的可靠性指标。可靠性指标实际上就是可靠性试验的失效判据。采用不同的失效判据，其可靠性评价的结果就会不同。为了通过可靠性试验能准确地对产品进行可靠性评价，除了要精确地确定失效判据外，还要注意正确地选用抽样方法和选用合适的技术标准。下面就对失效判据、抽样方法和技术标准进行介绍。</div>
<div><strong><fontsize="4">8.2.3失效判据</font></strong></div>
<div>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在进行可靠性试验前，首先要确定好失效判据。由于失效的判据不同，试验结果也会有不同，为此必需做出合理的失效定义(制定失效判据)。</div>
<div>失效一般分有两种，即致命性失效和非致命性失效。致命性失效如断路、短路和严重丧失功能。非致命性失效如漂移失效(漏电流、互连线电阻增加、电源电压下降)。这将取决于退化的程度。退化的程度不同，失效形式也会不同。把参数退化到什么程度判定为失效，即失效判据不同，可靠性试验的评价结果也会有明显的不同。所以，如何确定失效判据应该非常慎重。</div>
<div>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;确定失效判据一般有两种考虑：一是从满足工作电流、工作条件的角度来制定试验对象的容限值，二是从产品可靠性可以控制的角度来确定其极限值。对于第一种情况，是使用方从对器件性能的需求来考虑的；对于第二种情况，则是生产方从器件的失效物理出发，根据其失效模式、失效机理来确定失效判据。实际上，这两种考虑应该兼顾。在我们常用的各种技术标准中，都兼顾到了这两方面的考虑。</div>
<divalign="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;下面以日本松下和日立公司针对数字集成电路和线性集成电路而制定的失效判据为例，介绍给读者以供参考。参见表8.3和表8.4。从表上可以看出，对于试验的参数都按照一定标准的容限值来评价。一般情况下以初始值为标准值，选取比标准值的上限值高10%做为上限判据，选取比标准值的下限值低10%做为下限判据。</div>
<divalign="left">&nbsp;</div>
<divalign="left">&nbsp;</div>
<divalign="left">&nbsp;</div>
<divalign="center"><strong>表</strong><strong>8.3</strong><strong>数字集成电路可靠性试验的失效判据举例</strong></div>
<tablecellspacing="0"cellpadding="0"border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<tdwidth="148"colspan="2"rowspan="2">
<divalign="center">项目</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="231"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">失效判据</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35"rowspan="2">
<divalign="center">单位</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164"rowspan="2">
<divalign="center">备注</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="112">
<divalign="center">下限</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="119">
<divalign="center">上限</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="49"rowspan="10">
<divalign="center">电</div>
<divalign="center">气</div>
<divalign="center">性</div>
<divalign="center">能</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">输出电压</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="112">
<divalign="center">L&times;0.9</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="119">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.1</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">V</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">输出电流</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="112">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="119">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.1</div>
<divalign="center">(U&times;2)*</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">A</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">*（）内是有漏电流</div>
<divalign="center">的场合</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">输入电流</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="112">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="119">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.1</div>
<divalign="center">（U&times;2）*</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">A</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">*（）内是有漏电流的场合</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">电源安全系数</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="112">
<divalign="center">0.05&times;U+0.95&times;L</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="119">
<divalign="center">0.95&times;U+0.05&times;L</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">V</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">初期标准L（工作范围）U失效判据（工作范围）</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">电源电流</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="112">
<divalign="center">L&times;0.9</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="119">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.1</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">A</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">时钟脉冲宽度</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="112">
<divalign="center">L&times;0.9</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="119">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.1</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">Sec</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">输入箱位电压</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="112">
<divalign="center">L&times;0.9</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="119">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">V</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">AC特性</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="112">
<divalign="center">L&times;0.9</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="119">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.1</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">Sec</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">功能试验</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="231"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">根据真值表</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">断路，短路</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="231"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">断路，半断路</div>
<divalign="center">短路，半断路包含高低温不良</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="49"rowspan="5">
<divalign="center">外</div>
<divalign="center">观</div>
<divalign="center">及</div>
<divalign="center">其</div>
<divalign="center">它</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">漏气</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="231"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">大漏气，小漏气</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">适用于气密封装器件</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">外观</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="231"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">根据极限样本</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">生锈，变色</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="231"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">根据极限样本</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">可焊性</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="231"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">根据极限样本</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="98">
<divalign="center">标记</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="231"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">根据极限样本</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="35">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="164">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


                                        　<BR>
<style>.Pto528{display:none;}</style>
<div>注：U为初期标准上限值，L为初期标准下限值</div>
<divalign="center"><strong>表</strong><strong>8.4</strong><strong>线性集成电路可靠性试验的失效判据举例</strong></div>
<tablecellspacing="0"cellpadding="0"border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<tdwidth="161"colspan="2"rowspan="2">
<divalign="center">项目</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="245"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">失效判据</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42"rowspan="2">
<divalign="center">单位</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143"rowspan="2">
<divalign="center">备注</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">下限</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">上限</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="35"rowspan="14">
<divalign="center">电</div>
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
<divalign="center">气</div>
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
<divalign="center">性</div>
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
<divalign="center">能</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">电压增益</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">L－3</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">U＋3</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">dB</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">额定输出功率</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">L&times;9</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">W</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">全部高次谐波失真率</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.5</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">%</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">输出噪声电压</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.5</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">V</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">含脉冲噪声</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">输入极限电压</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">U＋3</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">dB&mu;</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">电源电压</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.1</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">A</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">输入失调电压</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.5</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">V</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">输入失调电流</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.5</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">A</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">输入电流</div>
<divalign="center">输入偏置电流</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">U&times;1.3</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">A</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">最大输出电流振幅</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">L&times;1.1</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">U&times;0.9</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">V</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">同相输入电流范围</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">L&times;0.9</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">V</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">同相鉴别系数</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">L－3</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">B</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">转换速率</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="134">
<divalign="center">L&times;0.9</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="111">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">V</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">断路，短路</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="245"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">断路，半断路包含高低温不良</div>
<divalign="center">短路，半短路</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="35"rowspan="5">
<divalign="center">外观及其它</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">漏气</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="245"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">大漏气，小漏气</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">适用于气闭封装</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">外观</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="245"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">根据极限样本</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">生锈、变色</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="245"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">根据极限样本</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">可焊性</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="245"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">根据极限样本</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<tdwidth="126">
<divalign="center">标记</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="245"colspan="2">
<divalign="center">根据极限样本</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="42">
<divalign="center">－</div>
</td>
<tdwidth="143">
<divalign="center">&nbsp;</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


                                        　<BR>
<style>.Lpf714{display:none;}</style>
<div>注：U为初期标准上限值，L为初期标准下限值</div>

kent

xin

那是啥

chaming_ren

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